Researchers at Germany’s Solar Institute for Energy are looking at how the combination of a rooftop PV system and a storage system can be a feasible solution if direct coupling is applied and no maximum power point tracking (MPPT) electronics are adopted.

The scientists justified leaving the MPPT technology aside because of the costs it adds to rooftop solar+storage projects. They also mentioned complexity, power overhead, potential reliability issues, and interference signals as other factors.

“Both a PV harvester in an office room with low irradiance, non-demanding load, and high autonomy, and a PV system on a roof with high irradiance, demanding load, and partial autonomy, can operate efficiently without MPPT electronics if an appropriate battery is included,” the researchers stated.

They analyzed the two different configurations as a basic unit of a PV module, with a minimal number of cells coupled to a single secondary battery cell.

“These units can be part of a larger panel or system or used individually,” the group explained. “Calculations are performed for battery open circuit voltage range of 3.1 V to 4.6 V relevant for modern commercial Li-ion cells.”

The group said specific sets of experimental parameters for the PV system and the battery are required in order to find a proper combination. This includes the characteristic I-V profile of a PV module measured at different irradiance points of the target irradiance range, and a battery I-V characteristic at moderate state of charge. The batteries in this kind of project are not only a storage unit, but also an impedance-matching element that can match the source and the load to maximize the power transfer and minimize reflections, the research group claimed.